This study presents a new method for retrieving precipitable water vapor (PWV) based on GNSS multi-antenna precise point positioning (PPP). In dynamic applications such as in the open sea, it is faced with additional challenges which may potentially degrade the performance. The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is an attractive technique to measure water vapor, which has been extensively investigated for ground-based static stations. Water vapor plays an important role in atmospheric processes ranging from global climate change to mesoscale and micro-scale weather systems. This method helps to expand GNSS meteorology to the vast ocean and benefits satellite altimetry and weather forecasting. An evaluation with radiosonde-derived PWVs shows that the combination of the two constraints achieves the best accuracy reaching 4.2 mm. The common tropospheric delay constraint helps to provide compromised, more robust, and sometimes more accurate PWV estimates. The 4-day shipborne dynamic experiment along the China coast demonstrates that the baseline vector constraint shortens the convergence time of positioning and atmospheric parameters, and also slightly improves their accuracies. We present a new method of retrieving precipitable water vapor (PWV) based on GNSS multi-antenna precise point positioning (PPP), which uses GNSS data from multiple antennas and incorporates the constraints of known baseline vector and common tropospheric delay. As an attractive technique for measuring water vapor, the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) faces additional challenges in dynamic applications such as in the open sea.
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